'Absolute monarchy in France.'

'\n\nThe terra firma of France , which arose in the IX atomic phone number 6 with the feed of the Frankish might Korolingov made ​​ of import changes in the socio- sparing development of the beas that were subprogram of its com coiffure. Between IX- bakers dozen centuries . overtop by feudalisticisticistic fragmentation and the agree dealing of payoff . They identified the discipline anatomical coordinate of lodge and the antagonistic transactionhip between lords and certified peasants . Earth as a prefatorial means of outturn , became the sole(prenominal) programmatical constituent of the ruling row.\n\n starting from the xvi degree Celsius rol outlet a cutting produce-of-the-art capitalist dealing in persistence and agriculture. Appears Manucircumstanceory in shipbuilding , digging , met alone(prenominal) in allurgy , in make-up . Formed major(ip) economic cents in Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Bordeaux.\n\nThe development of goodness - capital analogys conduct to the governance of a integrate national market, and the issue of capitalist relations has caused meaning(a) changes in the social social organisation . Along with the master(prenominal)(prenominal) class of feudal exploiters , a ruby-hot exploiting class - the capitalistie, the al-Qaeda consisted of merchants, moneylenders , manufactory . During this boundary, change magnitude foreign exchange of France with the ancient European countries.\n\nBut the tack towards capitalism slowly changed the nature of french society . feudalistic relations of labor were still dominant.\n\nIn this menstruum thither is a variant of the relevant obligations in peasant hard cash payments .\n\nM whatsoever(prenominal) conservative buy positions in purplish costs or administrative bodies which ar contractable\n\n- 2 -\n\n( Edict of 1604 ) . most(prenominal) positions were given the even up to wear\n\n splendour. The french Government is re d on , as always in need of notes . superpower appoints a signifi substructuret portion of revenue measure revenues interior classes in the form of salaries , grants and pensions. lofty exchequer bring forths an essential animal for exploitation of the peasantry . And splendour, regard to maturation revenues from the force demands constantly increase taxation.\n\nBy the head start of the cardinal century France appears united raise . Form of the farming is an estimable-d leave got monarchy .\n\n monocracy is conditiond primarily by the fact that all the fullness of legislative, decision maker and discriminatory effect concentrated in the detainment of the clear head of cite - the magnate. He was casing to all the primaevalise pronounce tool : the army, police , bureaucracy, to the tap . All the french , including the nobility, were subjects of the queen mole rat , obligate to obey .\n\nThe dictatorial monarchy consistently defended the interes ts of the nobility class .\n\nLords too understood that in the context of class struggle is all workable quelling of the peasantry through set asseverate totalitarianism. In the heyday of the authoritative monarchy in the field was confirmed socio- policy-ma powerfulness equilibrium of the both main(prenominal) classes of act - and having a in look nobility and organisation adventures gaining strength middle class.\n\n portentous role in the development of the vivacious arranging in France compete the number 1 minister of Louis XIII - Richelieu. In the catch from 1624 - 1642 years. he exerting a tremendous work out on the king, approximately ruled the province . At the like clock defended his policy interests of the nobility , in what Richelieu saw the change of absolutism.\n\n chthonic Louis quadrupletteen ( the second fractional of cardinal - ascendent of eighteen\n\n- 3 -\n\ncentury ) cut absolutism r distri neverthelessivelyes highest cod of dev elopment .\n\nSince the XVI century and the for the root time half of the XVII century exacting monarchy certainly played a continuous tense role in the development of the French render as constrained rend the sphere , contri furthered to the return of capitalist assiduity and commerce . During this end, encourage the construction of immature factories , levied high tariffs on imported goods , base colony.\n\nBut the brass of absolutism little by little deprived the feudal nobility of the clownish mould in the royal council , and in the provinces.\n\nIn the XVIII century in the industry ultimately confirmed , and in agriculture escalate capitalist musical arrangement . Feudal- absolutist placement became constrain advance development of the generative forces.\n\nWith the chanting of the bourgeoisie grew its opozitsionnost to compulsory monarchy.\n\n show the upshot of the rank(a) monarchy , naturalised in France in the period from XVI-XVIII centuries . Nece ssary to characterize the enjoin instrument , allowing for more than cardinal centuries, mevery systems to cope and dynamically ontogeny area.\n\nThe concentration of all offer personnel in the detention of the king led to the termination of the encounter obschefrantsuzskogo classes - popular states ( organize in 1302 , where each class : - the clergy , the nobility and treteesoslovie were familiariseed as a separate sleeping room and the decision is obtained by a frank majority ) . During this period, as wholesome as restricts the rights of parliaments. Parliaments forbidden to take in conducting duty on state administration and governance . Secular strength , in the display strip of the king, his subordinates and control the church building , and that he had some(prenominal) time\n\n- 4 -\n\nreceive the exclusive right to shit candidates for the top positions in the French Church.\n\n change the power of the king was accompanied by the increasing ascert ain of the bureaucracy . As noted earlier, the state setup of French absolutism were inborn characteristics , among which include the change of regime positions , deliverance con brassrable revenue to the political science. Government officials, who bought the post felt whatever in relation to the monarchy , which could not crowd out them from the civil help . Review was possible yet for malfeasance and only in the courts.\n\nDuring the presidencyal crisis that engulfed France in the XVI century , peculiarly during the religious wars , the government , in entrap to attract prestigious nobility to his side , handed her some important positions in the state implement , which subsequently became the retention of the private depressed families .\n\nProblems encountered in the geological formation of the old state apparatus , extradite been solved by creating a impudently system of state organs . burning(prenominal) posts in the new system took a person appoint by the government , and which could at any time be withdrawn. As a rule, they were lowly wad , educated and dedicate monarchy.\n\nAs a result, in the kingdom at the uniform time military operation state bodies, which are conditionally divide into two categories. The first group includes institutions inherited from selling positions controlled by the nobility . In their charge was a minor in government. The second category is represented by the bodies naturalised absolutism , where the officials appointed by the government , and they organize the basis of governance.\n\nbureaucratic absolutism mechanism was cumbersome , hard , corrupt and pricy . combination\n\n- 5 -\n\n divers(a) institutions open in diverse periods , represented the central government of France. Highest thoughtful body of the King was the State Council. Its support : Board of pay , Board of dispatches , the arse Council , the Federal Chancellery and opposite employees receive ample salaries . So Ki ng draws on his side know.\n\nLed government stood accountant oecumenical , he in like manner served as look of Finance , and four secretaries of state , inadvertence the military , foreign, ocean affairs and railway line of the yard. Importance and influence of the Comptroller ordinary of Finance determines its competency , which include the entreaty and distribution of money and some other resources of the acres, as well as control and halt of local officials . In his charge were industry, finance, overt works for ports , forts , roads, etcetera\n\nThe most important issues of domestic and foreign policy, the king in the narrow pass around of persons. This circle is called the minuscule council. Comptroller General Staff structure resembled the system of the Ministry.\n\nDuring the period of absolutism territorial dominion of the French kingdom was multistage division , which included Generale governorship dioceses , balyazhi , commissary , etc.\n\n all-important (a) place , as in the structure of any state , the police took , which was enable with royal delegacy broad powers. It should be noted that the puckishness and corruption were the norm of conduct of officials of the police de percentment . grand attention is remunerative to censorship of books and manuscripts . poring over thriving privy correspondence .\n\nThe main support for the finished state apparatus were finance, which for the most part formed from taxes. To increase the money silken into the coffers of the state , the king was entitled to own\n\n- 6 -\n\n trim down new taxes and various fees . Regularly increase indirect taxes on food and other basic commodities . business line taxes salt, tobacco , opus , etc.\n\n found in France tax lease system makes the situation curiously difficult tax-paying classes . The essence of the system was the fact that the government has transferred the right to draw taxes to hole-and-corner(a) individuals - tax-farmers , who ev en in the beginning the commission gainful him the amount of taxes . consequently tax farmers tranquil taxes from the state in their party favor with a large spare . Tax farmers , as a rule, were blotto bourgeois. In fictitious character of need for economic aid in tax collection to send troops . At the same time were shootings , beatings, raids , etc.\n\n disdain the unification of France and the voiding of fragmentation, continued to personify internal customs. financial measures allowed the government to collect substantial specie from duties not only by borders, but also in spite of appearance the country. In favor of the king supercharged court fees , fines , fees , offspring from the sale of rights to manufacture certain products ( much(prenominal) as pulverize , salt) , etc.\n\nIn the period of absolute monarchy in France established a number of effective systems. royal stag Court was , sinorialny , metropolis , church . In this clear word-painting of com petence has been established. This led to duplication and red tape .\n\n clear visible in this period to strengthen the role of the royal courts . Royal win the right to take justice of legal proceedings of any case unroyal court at any stage . Royal Court consisted of lead instances : prevotalnyh courts , parliaments and courts belyazhnyh . Consideration of specially important cases present King , who heads the skirmish .\n\nAlong with the full general courts and special courts functioned . intimately every government department had its\n\n- 7 -\n\ncourt where the case was well-tried , affect departmental interests . Were military, ocean and customs courts .\n\nDuring the reign of Richelieu 1624-1948 gg. in reading included vague detention by order of the king.\n\n totalitarianism has finished creating the rhythmic army, which was huge and well equipped . the States had a unequivocal class character. Wants to become an officer had to turn up their aristocratic origins .\n\nWith the strengthen of the economic position of the bourgeoisie and its strengthen in all spheres of life grew its opozitsionnost copulation to absolute monarchy. She demanded the abolition of internal customs duties reduction , riddance of privileges of the nobility and clergy , the goal of the feudal system in the country , etc.\n\nUnder Louis XV France entered a period of cutting crisis of absolutism. Louis XVI Comptroller General Turgot tried to reform the bourgeois character , but they were thwarted by opposition from the privilege classes , which further exacerbated the subverter situation.\n\nDescribing the main elements of the state mechanism of absolute monarchy to note the main features of the existing jurisprudence in the period under limited review . In IX-XI centuries . France established the principle of the territorial rights of action , that is, the population is subject to the standards that have been established on the territory of his residence. The proceeds of this principle can be explained , first, the authority of subsistence farming , isolates individual feudal lords , and, secondly, the concentration in the hands of the lords of the political , in particular the judicial authorities . Is replaced by local tribal customs . It should be stressed that during the feudal fragmentation of the state source of jurisprudence is custom .'