Examined life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Examined life - Essay Example It is obvious that Socrates would try to rationalize things in order to prove himself right before the jury, though the admonishment would be based on some degree of underlying truth that needs to be identified. I can know what the true wisdom is. In his reply to the second charge, Socrates tries to make undue use of his attitudes. It so seems that his point is not strong enough to convince the audience otherwise. Therefore, he takes the assistance of his attitudes to shut the audience up and enforce his perceptions on the audience. This is not right! In the capacity of seeker of truth and justice, I should strictly condemn this behavior of Socrates and impose another charge on him of having tried to convince the audience through emotions rather than logic. Critics may say that he had to be stressful in his tone because he was speaking on behalf of Athenians, though this is just a fake justification. What is right appears right whether or not one meddles with one’s tone to mak e it look right! These ideas are most evident in the study of ethics. I think so because people tend to mould ethical standards according to their taste through a mix of fake justification and emotional intelligence.

International Terrorism and Global Politics Essay Example for Free

International Terrorism and Global Politics Essay In the 21st century, it would seem that the term â€Å"terrorist† has become an all encompassing description of anyone whom civilized people feel is a threat to innocent civilians, domestic tranquility, and the everyday life that most people take for granted. Government officials declare â€Å"war on terrorism† and the like. Expanding upon, and deviating from the typical definition of a terrorist, Charles W. Kegley’s 2002 edition, The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls, contains a chapter entitled â€Å"Is There a Good Terrorist? †, which asserts that one nation’s terrorist may fairly be considered another nation’s patriot. This paper will maintain the argument that no terrorist is a â€Å"good terrorist†, in contrast to the presentation of Kegley in his volume. Defining Terrorism To begin, a valid argument can be made against so-called â€Å"good† terrorists by establishing a baseline definition of terrorism. In some of his other writings, Kegley has maintained that one of the problems in condemning terrorists is that the act of terrorism itself is so hard to define; in other words, as was mentioned previously, a terrorist may not be considered a terrorist by everyone, because ultimately, some group of people or nation is supposedly benefitting from the terror inflicted on another group. However, by fine tuning the definition of a terrorist, it will be possible to reinforce and build upon the argument of this paper- that there is no such thing as a good terrorist. In order to make that assertion solid and tenable, one must realize that the term terrorism should in fact refer to acts of violence, war or sabotage inflicted upon innocent civilian populations by a person or persons not affiliated with an organized army and outside of the scope of declared warfare. Within this context, we are not talking about the soldier who serves his country by defeating enemies in combat, but we are talking about extremists who detonate car bombs near schools and hospitals. In using this definition, it is possible to further bolster the argument. Terrorism is about Targets as Well as Intentions A second assertion that can be made in critique of Kegley’s presentation comes from a discussion of the issue of the targets of terrorism as well as the intentions of terrorists, as earlier defined. For example, a terrorist, for all of his claims that he is trying to free other people from the oppression of another group, change a bad situation, avenge previous wrongs and the like, is violating international law as well as the basic moral codes when the terrorist inflicts casualties among defenseless civilians, such as when terrorists launch attacks on religious centers, public places or even private residential areas, there is a tremendous wrong being done, no matter what noble cause the terrorist claims to support or advance. Simply put, the means do not justify the end. A Fine Line between Patriotism and Vigilantism A key point continues to echo throughout this research- the fine line between defeating enemies and violating the written and unwritten laws of humanity. Indeed, one could make the argument, for example, that the founders of the United States in some ways inflicted terrorism according to our previously stated definition, for many of them were un-uniformed, taking up arms against an organized, sovereign government, no matter how noble the cause was for which they were fighting. However, when looking at terrorists in regard to being those who step over the line of legality and morality for the sake of their causes, again the message returns that there must be at least some level of decency in the world, even among those who adamantly oppose one another, for if opposing groups are allowed to continually launch terror attacks upon each other, all of humanity will soon degrade to chaos and anarchy, serving no one’s interests. Indeed, it is morally, ethically and legally wrong for people to take the law into their own hands; therefore, all potential or actual terrorist acts must be dealt with in the harshest possible terms. Conclusion In this paper, the argument has been made and supported that there is no such thing as a good terrorist, no matter what the intentions, motivations or goals of the terrorist, keeping in mind that there are certain criteria which define what makes a terrorist. Therefore, it must be remembered that patriots are not those who blow up women and children, poison reservoirs or destroy public gathering places, nor are those who wear the uniform of their country and fight in declared wars terrorists. Once that differentiation is made and adhered to, all of humanity will be all the better for it. Conversely, if we allow these grey areas to exist where a potential terrorist thinks they will receive rewards, either in this world or the one to come, the death toll of innocents will continue to swell. Hopefully, this key distinction will be realized by the people of the world before it is too late.

Bog Plants and Their Use in Medicine :: Research Biology Medicine Essays

Bog Plants and Their Use in Medicine Although most of the modern world does not often resort to bog plants for medicinal uses when there are more widely accessible forms of medicine to treat certain health needs, there exists numerous medicinal uses for bog plants. The various medicinal uses of different bog plants have developed and changed over the course of history. Bog plants were more commonly used by Native Indians as medicine such as the Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador tea) for sore throats and colds. The leaves of Gaultheria procumbens (Wintergreen), also processed into tea, treat aches and pains in native North American medicine. In the olden days, not long after the Native Indian civilizations, Wintergreen leaves were used in perfumery with woody notes. Other bog plants that are used as tea leaves include the Scutellaria lateriflora, which is tea for anxiety, nervous exhaustion and pre-menstrual tension, and the Valeriana officinalis, which promotes soothing sleep. During the Middle Ages, Potentilla palustris (Marsh Cinquefoil) were regarded as having healing properties for almost any ailment and were widely collected. The genus of the cinquefoil’s Potentilla from Latin meant â€Å"powerful† was derived from its reputation as powerful cure-alls. In particular, the Potentilla erecta (Tormentil) was used as an antibiotic and an astringent (causing tissues to contract). Another bog plant, the Cladonia species was classified as an effective medicinal herb in the Middle Ages, but is only used today as fabric dyes. Some bog plants such as the Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern) were used during the colonial times for treating coughs, but this practice is now obsolete. As one of the most widely known plants from bogs, the Vaccinium species or the Bog Cranberry is the most edible and digestible plant from the bog. It produces cranberries which are most effective in treating diseases or infections in the urinary systems for both genders. Si nce cranberries have a low spoilage factor and a high Vitamin C content, they were extensively by all generations in American heritage as a food source for long journeys in preventing scurvy. Throughout the course of history, there have been some extraordinary medicinal uses of bog plants by various ages and by various civilizations. The Lycopus europaeus (Gypsywort) was used both as a sedative drug and as a dye plant (black). It was once used by Gypsies to colour their skin, and hence the common name, Gypsywort.

Should We ‘Tone Down’ Anzac Day?

Should we ‘Tone Down’ ANZAC Day to be considerate of ethnic minorities in Australia? Of course not. But a substantial amount of Anglo-Australians believe that we should. This makes absolutely no sense at all. Why would anyone be offended by ANZAC day, we are remembering the brave men and women who have fought and died for this country, as well as the ones that continue to fight for our country overseas. I don’t see how anyone may be offended by that, except for maybe the Turkish or the Germans but even they should enjoy ANZAC day because it is a celebration of who the ANZAC soldiers were, not who they fought.It’s not like the ANZAC’s were Nazi’s, they didn’t commit genocide or crimes against humanity, they protected a country full of innocent people, they are heroes and heroes deserve to be remembered at least once a year. They believe that we should consider how the ‘minorities’ would feel. The key word there is minorities . Does it seem fair that an entire nation or at least the majority of a nation must give up a tradition of almost a century for the consideration of a small percentage of the population? This is Australia, Australians built this country whether they were white Australians or not doesn’t matter.Celebrating the ANZAC spirit is not only respect for our fallen soldiers, but respect for our country and everyone who enjoys the prosperity of modern day Australia should honour that. ANZAC day is celebrated not only in Australia, but at many locations all over the world. Of course it is not celebrated in these countries in the same capacity as it is in Australia and New Zealand but is remembered none the less. Some of these countries include Turkey, Germany, France and China. These countries had no soldiers in the Australian and New Zealand Army Core; they are remembering the values the ANZACS represented.Every year for I don’t know how long people who care have set up two week s before ANZAC day and begun to sell ANZAC day badges, these people volunteer their time and effort because they respect what this special day means. A few weeks ago just before ANZAC day ‘Metlink’ – the company that runs metropolitan trains and buses in Melbourne and surrounding areas – told these people they could only sell the ANZAC day badges at the train and bus stations on one day rather than for the entire two weeks that had been the tradition for many years.Obviously many people were extremely offended, including the many volunteers, commuters and the general population. Luckily, after public outcry the metropolitan train company withdrew the restrictions on the sale of ANZAC day badges. But the fact that it was even suggested is a gross example of how even some white Australians have lost sight of what ANZAC day and the ANZAC spirit represents. Almost every second Australian had a grandparent who fought in the First World War. And most people have some sort of relation to an ANZAC soldier.Former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd once said â€Å"The Gallipoli campaign is part of our national consciousness, it's part of our national psyche, it's part of our national identity. † I think this statement just about sums it up. The ANZAC spirit is a part of every one in this country, whether they were born here or not, because it is a part of the country. The last Australian ANZAC and last person in the world to have fought on the beaches at Gallipoli, Alec Campbell, died on the eve of March 16, 2002.With him died the last living memory of the courage, strength and valor that was displayed on the battlefield all those years ago. Alec Campbell died in peace knowing that the ANZAC spirit and the memory of his fallen comrades would never be forgotten. But was he comforted by a false hope? Has the essence of the ANZAC spirit been lost somewhere in the translation of time? The fact that people are suggesting that we ‘tone down†™ ANZAC day or discontinue the celebration completely, leads to the conclusion that maybe it has. So what is the ANZAC spirit?Above all the ANZAC spirit means loyalty and respect to your comrades, families and friends. The ANZAC spirit means courage, strength and resourcefulness. Are these not values that every race and religion should celebrate? Perhaps the problem lies not within the meaning of ANZAC day and how that effects the ethnic population, but in the education that is given regarding ANZAC day. Perhaps if we tried harder to involve new Australians in the ANZAC day celebrations, they may begin to better understand what ANZAC day really represents for our country and for them.

Slavery and Racism

Jack O’Donnell Development of Western Civilization Dr. Carlson November 17, 2011 Slavery and Racism: Are They One in the Same? Aphra Behn was an extremely significant and influential English writer in the 1600s. One of her more famous works, Oroonoko, discusses the issues of slavery and racism in the Americas. Many people believe that slavery and racism go hand in hand. In fact, these two ideologies are awfully different. Slavery is the act of forcing humans to be treated property whereas racism is the belief that discrimination based on inherently different traits is justifiable.Behn, in Oroonoko, makes the fundamental differences between slavery and racism apparent. With the philosophical views of Rousseau and Trouillot’s analysis on the Haitian revolution, slavery and racism in Oroonoko can easily be separated and distinguished to show their dissimilarities. In the novel, Oroonoko is an African prince and war hero who enslaves many men from the various tribes he conq uers in battle. Oroonoko believes this form of slavery is just and should be acceptable. Later in the story, Oroonoko is tricked and sold into slavery.He eventually works with many of the slaves he had sold to the Europeans back in Africa. Oroonoko considers this form of slavery to be incredibly unjust. The plantation owners did not â€Å"win† their slaves over in battle like Oroonoko, rather they barter or trade for them (Boeninger 9/26). The white males also treat Oroonoko as a lesser human being even though he is royalty. They constantly deceive Oroonoko into believing that his freedom is coming when in reality it is nowhere in sight. Because there was such an economic gap between the black slaves and the white slave owners, racism naturally became common custom (Behn).Racism in this case was derived from slavery; they were not the same idea. Behn depicts slavery and racism in this manner to show how different the two ideas are. In Africa, the slaves and the slave owners w ere of the same race. The color of their skin was not a factor in how they were treated. The fact that they lost in battle was the only reason they were slaves (Behn). In the Americas however, race had a much bigger role in the treatment of slaves. The large plantation owners were white and the slaves were black.Because of the racial divide in the owners and slaves, many forms of racism were justified (Boeninger 9/27). This also led to the discrimination of the free black men in the society. Behn purposely shows slavery in Africa and slavery in Surinam to point out the extreme differences between racism and slavery. Behn’s description of Oroonoko and Imoinda also show the inherent difference between racism and slavery. Behn describes Oroonoko as a beautiful person by stating, â€Å"His nose was rising and Roman instead of African and flat; his mouth the finest shape that could be seen, [†¦].The whole proportion and air of his face was so noble and exactly formed that, b ating his color there could be nothing in nature more beautiful, agreeable, and handsome (Behn 13). † The fantastic image Behn provides shows the reader that slavery and racism have different foundations. If they were the same idea, Behn would have never given such praise to a slave. She compares Oroonoko’s looks to those of a white man which would not have happened if racism and slavery were the same. The description of his beauty relays to the reader that slavery and racism can be two very separate entities.Even though Behn makes a clear distinction between slavery and racism in the novel, many people would disagree in how she got that message across. In Oroonoko, Behn’s message seems anti-racist but it appears that she does not have a problem with slavery. Her problem arises from how the slaves are treated, but slavery in general is acceptable for Behn. One philosopher in particular would have a problem with Behn’s message. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, if he were to read Oroonoko, would have some concerns. In Rousseau’s â€Å"A Discourse†, he discusses slavery and the rights of man.Rousseau believes that all men are born free and are equal according to nature. He would criticize Behn on her opinion of slavery saying that all men are born and should remain equal (Rousseau). Behn is very passive about her views on slavery where Rousseau is active in his writings. Even though he disagrees with Behn’s view on slavery he still believes slavery and racism are different. Rousseau would not dispute Behn over her view of racism. According to Rousseau, racism contrasts with his view on the rights of man. He believes all men are created equal; race should not be a reason to discriminate.He would also affirm what Behn has to say about the horrible treatment of Oroonoko by the white males throughout the story. They kept deceiving and leading Oroonoko on when they knew he would never be freed. Rousseau would say he should have r eceived better treatment. The color of his skin should not matter in his given situation. Rousseau’s belief on the equality of mankind can be used to critique the works of Behn (Carlson 11/10). Even though there are disagreements between the views Behn and Rousseau, both see that racism and slavery are two different ideas and should be treated separately.The Haitian revolution also witnessed severe racism and slavery. In Haiti, slaves occupied about 85% of the population while the free men only occupied about 15% (Breen 10/31). The sugar plantations needed these slaves to run the production which was a gruesome process. Through this horrible procedure, many people made their fortunes. The rich white men would have children with their black slaves and eventually their heirs were of mixed race. When the white females came to Haiti to look for a partner, they noticed the white males were only attracted to the mixed race females.The hatred led to severe racism of the black commun ity in Haiti (Breen 10/31). The stories of the beginning stages of Haitian revolution can easily be compared to the novel Oroonoko. In the Haitian revolution, many of the slave owners were of African descent. They resemble Oroonoko in Africa when he owned slaves of his same race. Racism was not a factor in either of these situations but slavery was. Because all parties were of the same race, slavery and racism did not go hand in hand. The problem in both cases was when the Europeans intervene.The racism was very prevalent in Oroonoko when all the white males were lying to him. They clearly did not respect the fact that he was royalty because of his descent. During the Haitian revolution, the European women’s jealousy caused racism to become prevalent on the island (Breen 10/31). The European jealousy also led to racism back in France. The European intermediates were one of the sources of racism in the early stages of the Haitian Revolution and in Oroonoko. The Haitian revolut ion was a power struggle amongst the white French and the black Haitians.Within this battle, many sects of Haitian rebel groups began fighting among each other. In Trouillot’s Silencing the Past, he discusses these fights among each other in the form of King Henry and Sans Souci (Trouillot). In his book, Trouillot talks about the race dilemma with the French and the Haitians. If Trouillot were to read Behn’s work, he would see similarities between the racism in Surinam and the racism in Haiti. In Oroonoko, the blacks are treated so horribly that they eventually revolted. That is very similar to what happened in Haiti. The Haitians eventually could not take the abuse and decided to revolt.In both cases they revolted for the racism and the slavery (Carlson 10/3). In Silencing the Past and Oroonoko during the revolts, it seems that slavery and racism are the same. In actuality the slavery and racist views stem about from different ideas. Even though at times it seems that slavery and racism are related, there are always underlying views that separate the two thoughts. Through Aphra Behn’s novel, the public can get a solid grasp of the differences between racism and slavery. With the help of Rousseau and Trouillot, the differences between slavery and racism only become greater and more distinct.Hopefully, people will come to realize how different these two ideologies actually are so they can get a better grasp of the past. Bibliography Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko. London: Penguin, 2003. Print. Boeninger. Notes. 9/26/2011-9/27/2011 Breen. Notes. 10/31/2011 Carlson. Notes. 10/3/2011, 11/10/2011 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. â€Å"Rousseau: On the Origin of Inequality: Second Part. †Ã‚  Index. G. D. H Cole, 19 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. . Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. â€Å"The Three Faces of Sans Souci. †Ã‚  Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston, MA: Beacon, 1995. Print. Slavery and Racism Jack O’Donnell Development of Western Civilization Dr. Carlson November 17, 2011 Slavery and Racism: Are They One in the Same? Aphra Behn was an extremely significant and influential English writer in the 1600s. One of her more famous works, Oroonoko, discusses the issues of slavery and racism in the Americas. Many people believe that slavery and racism go hand in hand. In fact, these two ideologies are awfully different. Slavery is the act of forcing humans to be treated property whereas racism is the belief that discrimination based on inherently different traits is justifiable.Behn, in Oroonoko, makes the fundamental differences between slavery and racism apparent. With the philosophical views of Rousseau and Trouillot’s analysis on the Haitian revolution, slavery and racism in Oroonoko can easily be separated and distinguished to show their dissimilarities. In the novel, Oroonoko is an African prince and war hero who enslaves many men from the various tribes he conq uers in battle. Oroonoko believes this form of slavery is just and should be acceptable. Later in the story, Oroonoko is tricked and sold into slavery.He eventually works with many of the slaves he had sold to the Europeans back in Africa. Oroonoko considers this form of slavery to be incredibly unjust. The plantation owners did not â€Å"win† their slaves over in battle like Oroonoko, rather they barter or trade for them (Boeninger 9/26). The white males also treat Oroonoko as a lesser human being even though he is royalty. They constantly deceive Oroonoko into believing that his freedom is coming when in reality it is nowhere in sight. Because there was such an economic gap between the black slaves and the white slave owners, racism naturally became common custom (Behn).Racism in this case was derived from slavery; they were not the same idea. Behn depicts slavery and racism in this manner to show how different the two ideas are. In Africa, the slaves and the slave owners w ere of the same race. The color of their skin was not a factor in how they were treated. The fact that they lost in battle was the only reason they were slaves (Behn). In the Americas however, race had a much bigger role in the treatment of slaves. The large plantation owners were white and the slaves were black.Because of the racial divide in the owners and slaves, many forms of racism were justified (Boeninger 9/27). This also led to the discrimination of the free black men in the society. Behn purposely shows slavery in Africa and slavery in Surinam to point out the extreme differences between racism and slavery. Behn’s description of Oroonoko and Imoinda also show the inherent difference between racism and slavery. Behn describes Oroonoko as a beautiful person by stating, â€Å"His nose was rising and Roman instead of African and flat; his mouth the finest shape that could be seen, [†¦].The whole proportion and air of his face was so noble and exactly formed that, b ating his color there could be nothing in nature more beautiful, agreeable, and handsome (Behn 13). † The fantastic image Behn provides shows the reader that slavery and racism have different foundations. If they were the same idea, Behn would have never given such praise to a slave. She compares Oroonoko’s looks to those of a white man which would not have happened if racism and slavery were the same. The description of his beauty relays to the reader that slavery and racism can be two very separate entities.Even though Behn makes a clear distinction between slavery and racism in the novel, many people would disagree in how she got that message across. In Oroonoko, Behn’s message seems anti-racist but it appears that she does not have a problem with slavery. Her problem arises from how the slaves are treated, but slavery in general is acceptable for Behn. One philosopher in particular would have a problem with Behn’s message. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, if he were to read Oroonoko, would have some concerns. In Rousseau’s â€Å"A Discourse†, he discusses slavery and the rights of man.Rousseau believes that all men are born free and are equal according to nature. He would criticize Behn on her opinion of slavery saying that all men are born and should remain equal (Rousseau). Behn is very passive about her views on slavery where Rousseau is active in his writings. Even though he disagrees with Behn’s view on slavery he still believes slavery and racism are different. Rousseau would not dispute Behn over her view of racism. According to Rousseau, racism contrasts with his view on the rights of man. He believes all men are created equal; race should not be a reason to discriminate.He would also affirm what Behn has to say about the horrible treatment of Oroonoko by the white males throughout the story. They kept deceiving and leading Oroonoko on when they knew he would never be freed. Rousseau would say he should have r eceived better treatment. The color of his skin should not matter in his given situation. Rousseau’s belief on the equality of mankind can be used to critique the works of Behn (Carlson 11/10). Even though there are disagreements between the views Behn and Rousseau, both see that racism and slavery are two different ideas and should be treated separately.The Haitian revolution also witnessed severe racism and slavery. In Haiti, slaves occupied about 85% of the population while the free men only occupied about 15% (Breen 10/31). The sugar plantations needed these slaves to run the production which was a gruesome process. Through this horrible procedure, many people made their fortunes. The rich white men would have children with their black slaves and eventually their heirs were of mixed race. When the white females came to Haiti to look for a partner, they noticed the white males were only attracted to the mixed race females.The hatred led to severe racism of the black commun ity in Haiti (Breen 10/31). The stories of the beginning stages of Haitian revolution can easily be compared to the novel Oroonoko. In the Haitian revolution, many of the slave owners were of African descent. They resemble Oroonoko in Africa when he owned slaves of his same race. Racism was not a factor in either of these situations but slavery was. Because all parties were of the same race, slavery and racism did not go hand in hand. The problem in both cases was when the Europeans intervene.The racism was very prevalent in Oroonoko when all the white males were lying to him. They clearly did not respect the fact that he was royalty because of his descent. During the Haitian revolution, the European women’s jealousy caused racism to become prevalent on the island (Breen 10/31). The European jealousy also led to racism back in France. The European intermediates were one of the sources of racism in the early stages of the Haitian Revolution and in Oroonoko. The Haitian revolut ion was a power struggle amongst the white French and the black Haitians.Within this battle, many sects of Haitian rebel groups began fighting among each other. In Trouillot’s Silencing the Past, he discusses these fights among each other in the form of King Henry and Sans Souci (Trouillot). In his book, Trouillot talks about the race dilemma with the French and the Haitians. If Trouillot were to read Behn’s work, he would see similarities between the racism in Surinam and the racism in Haiti. In Oroonoko, the blacks are treated so horribly that they eventually revolted. That is very similar to what happened in Haiti. The Haitians eventually could not take the abuse and decided to revolt.In both cases they revolted for the racism and the slavery (Carlson 10/3). In Silencing the Past and Oroonoko during the revolts, it seems that slavery and racism are the same. In actuality the slavery and racist views stem about from different ideas. Even though at times it seems that slavery and racism are related, there are always underlying views that separate the two thoughts. Through Aphra Behn’s novel, the public can get a solid grasp of the differences between racism and slavery. With the help of Rousseau and Trouillot, the differences between slavery and racism only become greater and more distinct.Hopefully, people will come to realize how different these two ideologies actually are so they can get a better grasp of the past. Bibliography Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko. London: Penguin, 2003. Print. Boeninger. Notes. 9/26/2011-9/27/2011 Breen. Notes. 10/31/2011 Carlson. Notes. 10/3/2011, 11/10/2011 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. â€Å"Rousseau: On the Origin of Inequality: Second Part. †Ã‚  Index. G. D. H Cole, 19 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. . Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. â€Å"The Three Faces of Sans Souci. †Ã‚  Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston, MA: Beacon, 1995. Print.

Conflict in Ireland essays

Conflict in Ireland essays Conflict in Ireland. 1.)There are two main groups in Ireland, these being Republicans and Unionists. Republicans want Ireland to be free of British rule and for Ireland to be united within itself and have no connections with Britain. Unionists support the union of Great Britain and Ireland and want it to stay that way. Republicans believe that the conflict started way back in the history of Ireland. Observers believe that because Ireland has had a history of conflict then conflict is inevitable. The way in which people involved in the conflict use history can feed the views of people of the present day who are re-fighting battles of the past. However, the views of some historians is that the problem is not history itself but the way people use history. There is an important difference between what actually happened and the way that it is interpreted, and particularly the myths which develop from it. Another difference between the Republicans and Unionists groups is when the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1922 was released, this resulted in a bitter war when the British government partitioned Ireland and created Northern Ireland it caused controversy. Most Unionists didn't want partition, they wanted the whole of the country (including the countries made into Northern Ireland) to be independent of Britain. There was soon to be a war between Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith against other Nationalists who thought the partition was an unacceptable compromise. They didn't want Britain to help Ireland Ireland now because in the potato famine of 1845-51 Britain wouldn't help at all. 2.)The Easter Rising of 1916 is very important in shaping the views of Republicans, Unionists, Protestants and Catholics. It began in the spring of 1916- The IRB were concerned that the issue of Irelands freedom was being ignored because of the First World War. They thought that only armed act ...

Arguments For or Against Women in Combat essays

Arguments For or Against Women in Combat essays Women should be allowed to fight in combat with infantry units and Special Forces units in a wartime environment. A number of arguments have been traditionally given against women in combat that range from women's lack of aggressiveness, the possibility that female soldiers will be raped, the familial damage caused by the absence of female soldiers, potential damage to military cohesion, and the physical weakness of women. Each of these arguments will be discussed, and revealed as inherently flawed. In addition, the historical value of women in combat suggests that women can play a valuable role in the US military in combat. Further, inability to experience ground combat seriously limits the potential career track for women in the military. Taken together, these arguments suggest a potentially valuable role for women in ground combat in the US military. The issue of women in a combat role in the US Military is one of the most hotly contested topics in the public arena today. Both supporters and detractors of women in the military seem to have deeply held, often inflexible opinions, and debate has often been emotional and heated. This paper will attempt to identify some of the key arguments of each side, and provide a reasoned, careful look at the issue of women in combat. Ultimately, the evidence and reasoning presented in this article suggests that women should be allowed to fight in combat with infantry units and special forces units during a wartime environment. Much of the opposition to women in combat seems to be based on the argument that women are not "geared" toward combat duties. This stems from a traditional, conservative view of women as nurturing and maternal, with few aggressive tendencies. Generally, I think that most people's experience would agree with the assertion that women, as a whole, tend to be less aggressive than men. After all, ...

Exchange Systems, Trade Networks, and Archaeology

Exchange Systems, Trade Networks, and Archaeology An exchange system or trade network can be defined as any manner in which consumers connect with producers. Regional exchange studies in archaeology describe the networks that people used to gain, barter for, purchase, or otherwise obtain raw material, goods, services and ideas from the producers or sources, and to move those goods across the landscape. The purpose of exchange systems can be to fulfill both basic and luxury needs. Archaeologists identify networks of exchange by using a variety of analytical techniques on material culture, and by identifying raw material quarries and manufacturing techniques for specific types of artifacts. Exchange systems have been a focus of archaeological research since the mid-19th century  when chemical analyses were first used to identify the distribution of metal artifacts from central Europe. One pioneer study is that of archaeologist Anna Shepard who during the 1930s and 40s used the presence of mineral inclusions in pottery sherds to provide evidence for a widespread trade and exchange network throughout the southwestern United States. Economic Anthropology The underpinnings of the exchange systems research were strongly influenced by Karl Polyani in the 1940s and 50s. Polyani, an economic anthropologist, described three types of trading exchange: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange. Reciprocity and redistribution, said Polyani, are methods that are embedded in long-range relationships that imply trust and confidence: markets, on the other hand, are self-regulating and disembedded from trust relationships between producers and consumers. Reciprocity is a behavioral system of trade, which is based on the more or less equal sharing of goods and services. Reciprocity could be defined simply as you scratch my back, Ill scratch yours: you do something for me, Ill reciprocate by doing something for you. Ill watch your cows, youll provide my family with milk.Redistribution involves a collection point from which goods are apportioned out. In a typical redistribution system, a village chief collects a percentage of the produce in a village, and provides it to members of the group based on need, gifts, feasting: any one of a number of etiquette rules that have been established in a given society.Market exchange involves an organized institution, in which goods producers congregate at specified locations at specified times. Either barter or money exchange is involved ​in order to allow consumers to obtain required goods and services from purveyors. Polyani himself argued that markets may or may not be integrated within c ommunity networks. Identifying Exchange Networks Anthropologists can go into a community and determine the existing exchange networks by talking to the local residents and observing the processes: but archaeologists must work from what David Clarke once called indirect traces in bad samples. Pioneers in the archaeological study of exchange systems include Colin Renfrew, who argued that it was important to study trade because the institution of a trade network is a causal factor for cultural change. Archaeological evidence for the movement of goods across the landscape has been identified by a series of technological innovations, building from Anna Shepards research. In general, sourcing artifacts- identifying where a particular raw material came from- involves a series of laboratory tests on artifacts which are then compared to known similar materials. Chemical analysis techniques used to identify raw material sources include Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and various spectrographic methods, among a wide and growing number of laboratory techniques. In addition to identifying the source or quarry where raw materials were obtained, chemical analysis can also identify similarities in pottery types or other sorts of finished goods, thus determining whether the finished goods were created locally or brought in from a distant location. Using a variety of methods, archaeologists can identify whether a pot that looks as if it were made in a different town is truly an import, or rather a locally made copy. Markets and Distribution Systems Market locations, both prehistorically and historically, are often located in public plazas or town squares, open spaces shared by a community and common to nearly every society on the planet. Such markets often rotate: market day in a given community may be every Tuesday and in a neighboring community every Wednesday. Archaeological evidence of such use of communal plazas is difficult to ascertain  because typically plazas are cleaned and used for a wide variety of purposes. Itinerant traders such as the pochteca of Mesoamerica have been identified archaeologically through iconography on written documents and monuments such as stele  as well as by the types of artifacts left in burials (grave goods). Caravan routes have been identified in numerous places archaeologically, most famously as part of the Silk Road connecting Asia and Europe. Archaeological evidence seems to suggest that trade networks were much of the driving force behind the construction of roads, whether wheeled vehicles were available or not. Diffusion of Ideas Exchange systems are also the way ideas and innovations are communicated across the landscape. But thats a whole other article. Sources Colburn CS. 2008. Exotica and the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Early Minoan Elite: Eastern Imports in Prepalatial Crete. American Journal of Archaeology 112(2):203-224.Gemici K. 2008. Karl Polanyi and the antinomies of embeddedness. Socio-Economic Review 6(1):5-33.Renfrew C. 1977. Alternative models for exchange and spatial distribution. In. In: Earle TK, and Ericson JE, editors. Exchange Systems In Prehistory. New York: Academic Press. p 71-90.Shortland A, Rogers N, and Eremin K. 2007. Trace element discriminants between Egyptian and Mesopotamian Late Bronze Age glasses. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(5):781-789.

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International finance - Essay Example In fact, the creation of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) as well as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), had both been the consequences of the conference. The innate characteristics of the conference had been – Firstly, the conference stressed upon the fixation of upper and lower limits for the exchange rates of any domestic currency. Such a system would help in reducing possibilities of financial distress owing to fluctuations in the rate of exchange. The upper and lower limits of the rate of exchange are on the other hand, made the domain of the national government with regard to their respective current account positions. To be precise, the domestic governments were allowed to make adjustments to up to 10% below or above the pegged rates of exchange. The domestic currency of any nation was made completely convertible with any other currency to ease foreign trade. Lastly, all nations were made members to the International Monetary Fund so as to make the latter’s task easier to conduct at times when a financial crisis takes place. The system collapsed during 1970s, though that did not mean that the whole world converted itself into a system of floating exchange rates. For instance, the nations underlying European Union follow a fixed exchange rate regime where they maintain a fixed rate of exchange with the Euro as well as between themselves (Alderman, 2011, ‘Europe’s Challenge: Fostering Growth Amid Austerity’). Answer to Question 2 According to the concept of uncovered interest rate parity (UIP), the difference between the rates of returns on domestic and foreign bonds must be equal to the expected change in the rate of exchange

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 35

Marketing - Essay Example First, the strengths of the company must be identified. One of its strength is that it has been in the sausage business for 70 years. It is known for its company’s heritage and there is brand recognition already. Another strength of Saxonville is the nationwide distribution of its products, particularly its brats and breakfast sausage, through their national and regional brokers and their distributors. Aside from the company’s good reputation, the Vivio brand is considered to be of exceptional quality with great taste and texture. In terms of weakness, although Saxonville has nationwide distribution, it has very little distribution in stores in the Northeastern markets. Another drawback with the Vivio sausage is the customer’s perception that it may not be a good quality Italian sausage, since its manufacturer is of â€Å"German heritage†. It could be noted also that Saxonville does not spend much on advertising and market research which are very important for the success of a product. The packaging of the product needs a lot of improvement too. In terms of pricing, a weakness of the company is that management does not allow a decrease in Vivio’s price so it is unable to compete with other brands in terms of pricing. The Italian sausage market is a category which has shown an increasing growth rate. This is an opportunity for Saxonville to focus their efforts at further enhancing their Italian sausage line. An opportunity exists for Vivio because currently there is no national player for fresh Italian sausage. A major threat is that there are 29 local and regional brands of Italian sausage. Furthermore, some consumers prefer to purchase sausages which are â€Å"home-grown†, meaning produced in their own locality. The objective of Saxonville is to be able to launch a national Italian sausage brand which will help them achieve their profit objectives for the next fiscal year. The company wants that their Italian sausage be a

Past experience with inter-enterprise information system Essay

Past experience with inter-enterprise information system - Essay Example More specifically, the experience with computers has allowed me to have ability to use both application and system software for computational activities. The various hardware with which my experience was involved includes computer CPU, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer and scanner which comprise the input and output devices of a computer. In addition, I was able to learn the various components of a CPU and their functions. More importantly, though, is the ability to use applications such as word processing and spreadsheets to execute different computational processes. My experience with computers also made me more appreciative of the value that these systems have added in facilitating communication among individuals, departments, organizations and institutions. More importantly, during my experience I have appreciated the Internet as a computational communication tool which has connected individuals and organizations across the world. This is a reflection of the important contributio n of computers to the globalization process. In my experience with information systems, I was able to understand the system theory as it applies in computation and business processes. Additionally I now understand the correlation among the various components of information systems in performing a holistic function. The hardware and software components of an information system allowed me to improve my computer skills. I was also able to apply software to solve problems. This experience significantly improved my critical thinking abilities. Furthermore, the experience with information systems accorded me the ability to process data through computer application and extract meaning out of the data. This means that I am able to develop relevant and meaningful information out of data through the use of computer applications such as SPSS and Microsoft Excel. It is through my experience that I am more appreciative of the importance of information systems in organizations such as facilitatin g communication, business activities and decision making. Moreover, I now understand information systems as a network of computers which would be connected worldwide through the Internet. I have attained knowledge and skills on the application of both intra-enterprise and inter-enterprise information systems. In addition, I have achieved an understanding of how these information systems have been used to facilitate business or organizational processes. The knowledge that I have on these systems is significantly important for my short-term and longtime career plans. For example, this knowledge has prepared me to apply information systems within my work place. This involves the use of intra-enterprise computer systems such as local area network in facilitating communication within the organization. Additionally, the use of inter-enterprise information systems such as wide area networks and the Internet to promote communication among subsidiaries of an organization and sectors of its s upply chain is well understood by me. I have sufficient knowledge on the issue of security in the use of intra-enterprise and inter-enterprise information systems, which will allow me to ensure that these systems are secured when I will use them within my workplace. Additionally, I understand the use of intra-

Current Issues in Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Issues in Information Technology - Essay Example The study will analyze and evaluate the impact of social media on business performance. In this case, the social media provides a platform for doing business where business companies can reach greater market and make their products and services visible on the global scale. The invention enables all companies to reach target market at minimized costs, therefore providing opportunity for competition on an equal footing for small sized businesses (Gilmore and Altan-Erdem, 2008; Baker and Hart, 2007; Barker et al., 2013). The overall research design for this study will be more descriptive in nature applying semi-structured interviews and surveys to solicit information from participants (Bryman and Bell, 2011; Strauss and Corbin, 1998). Primary research will include semi-structured interviews with business managers from different departments such as sales and marketing. Secondary research will be used in the analysis of company policies and providing background on organizations under study. At the same time, the method will examine information communication technology evolution within the corporate sector (Wilkinson, 2003; Kuter and Yilmaz, 2001; Patton,

Moral, ethical and legal issue surrounding cell phones Research Paper

Moral, ethical and legal issue surrounding cell phones - Research Paper Example Recent researches have shown that cell phones have given rise to many ethical problems related to exchange of adult material resulting in sexting, child and adult pornography. In addition to that, there are also studies supporting the notion that cell phones usage has serious consequences during driving. Many countries and states have devised several laws which prohibit exchange of nude/ semi-naked material and use of cell phone for bullying, harassment, and cell phone use’ during driving however a policy model is required which would keep ensure the use of cell phone for unethical activities. With the use of cell phones comes moral responsibility of information rights, property rights and obligations, accountability and control, system quality and quality of life. Due to excessive use of cell phones, one of the fundamental moral comprises arise from invasion of privacy. It is a right of every individual to be free from surveillance or interference from individuals, organizations and state and have complete control over information regarding him. In U.S., individual privacy is protected by various laws such as First Amendment (freedom of speech), Fourth Amendment (unreasonable search and seizure), Additional federal statues (e.g. Privacy Act of 1974) etc (Lauden & Traver, 2012). There is an extensive research performed on cell phones and ethical issues arising out of it. Other than breach of privacy, forced intimacy, inane conversations, inappropriate timings of usage, and disregard for immediate others are some of the major issues considered as violation of etiquettes (J ohnson, 2003). Other than the basic ethical dilemmas mentioned above, another area which requires immediate attention is the use of cell phones for the purpose of exchanging pornography, sexting, sex-oriented tele-conversation and adult pornography. Most of ethical issues

Current Issues in Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Issues in Information Technology - Essay Example The study will analyze and evaluate the impact of social media on business performance. In this case, the social media provides a platform for doing business where business companies can reach greater market and make their products and services visible on the global scale. The invention enables all companies to reach target market at minimized costs, therefore providing opportunity for competition on an equal footing for small sized businesses (Gilmore and Altan-Erdem, 2008; Baker and Hart, 2007; Barker et al., 2013). The overall research design for this study will be more descriptive in nature applying semi-structured interviews and surveys to solicit information from participants (Bryman and Bell, 2011; Strauss and Corbin, 1998). Primary research will include semi-structured interviews with business managers from different departments such as sales and marketing. Secondary research will be used in the analysis of company policies and providing background on organizations under study. At the same time, the method will examine information communication technology evolution within the corporate sector (Wilkinson, 2003; Kuter and Yilmaz, 2001; Patton,

Maritime Technology 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maritime Technology 2 - Essay Example Development of Container Ships Container ships are usually defined in terms of TEU or twenty foot equivalent units. An 8500 TEU for example can transport 8500; twenty foot equivalent units of containers between two ports. With time being a critical factor for most globalized operations and fuel costs increasing by the day it has become inevitable for the shipping owners to transport maximum number of containers possible in one single voyage. This has lead to a continuous research and study into the development of new designs of increased capacity that would be capable of withstanding the rigours at sea. At the time, it should also be able to navigate easily through different canals and seas offering varying degrees of drafts. (Container Ship Types, 2000) Source: 4250 TEU Container ship, (Container Ship Focus, June 2006) Technical Requirements Purchasing of 18000 TEU ships is a matter of great achievement for any company and it is said that only Maersk which is the leader in Container ship transportation have ventured into buying 10 number of ships from Daewoo. The increased container capacity poses lot of technical queries, which need to be taken care of. 1. To account for the increased number of containers the length and width of the ship would be needed to be increased proportionately. This increase would again pose problems to the ships manovereability. It is known that ships have to navigate through various canals that exist between high seas to cross across continents. The PanaMax of size 4100 TEU’s delivered in 1980 was the largest to be delivered in those times and was named by its ability to pass through the Panama Canal. There was however no major change in the next twelve years and the size hovered around 4500-5500 TEU’s. Ships of length 294.1m, width 32.3m and draft of 12m was the maximum dimension of a ship capable of passing the Panama Canal. An accident leading to the slippage of 4 containers containing lethal arsenic oxide into the sea in 1992 near New Jersey lead to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopting the guidelines on safe securing of cargoes and became part of the International Convention for Safety of life at sea, 1974. (SOLAS) This required the ship must have a Cargo securing manual approved by the Flag State.( Container Ship Types, 2000) Most container ships built thereafter were an offshoot of the PanaMax category with increased TEU. The Post-PanaMax built in 1996 had a capacity of 6400TEU. By 1999 this size had increased to 9000 TEU’s. These ships have cell guides which enable better arrangement of container cargo above deck. However five cargo holds were unprotected from rain and rough seas which made it very critical to have an efficient bilge or waste water disposal system. The Suez-Max Large container ships (ULCS) built thereafter were capable of carrying 12000 TEU’s. The Post-Suez-Max ships are classified as those ships which can carry capacities upto 18000 TEU. Th is would require a ship breadth of 60m with a maximum draft of 21m. The Suez Canal is being revamped to accommodate these increased sizes of ships in the current years. Ships of 18000TEU are classified as Malacca Max since the Malacca strait offers a draft of 21m. The harbours of Singapore and Rotterdam are the other ports that offer such drafts. (Container Ship Types, 2000). Therefore it is inevitable that while placing orders for such large container shi

Evaluate Goals Essay Example for Free

Evaluate Goals Essay Goal 1 is in accordance with one of the â€Å"six conditions that are necessary and sufficient to achieve therapeutic changes on the part of the client which is counselor congruence or genuineness in the therapeutic relationship† (Crutchfield, et al, 2000). Goal 2 means developing bonds between analyst and client as what Adler had stated: â€Å"Adler’s encouragement skills included demonstrating concern for clients through active listening and empathy, and communicating respect for and confidence in clients† (Crutchfield, et al, 2000). Goal 3 pertains to keeping the therapeutic session simple without minding the time, in accordance to two of the six given conditions necessary for therapeutic changes in client which is: warmth or unconditional regard for the client, and the ability of counselor to empathize with the client. Goal 4 means that I will now concentrate on my fourth goal which is to develop empathy with the client by focusing on the client’s emotions. In psychotherapy, â€Å"empathy refers to â€Å"feeling into† the experience of another person† (Feller and Rocco Cotton, 2003). I believe this is an important step that will lead to the last of the six conditions stated by Adler, which is unconditional positive regard to the client (Crutchfield, et al, 2000). After reviewing my pre-practicum Residency packet, I came into conclusion that my goals have inspired me and will definitely serve as my driving force to enter Residency II.I believe that taking Residency II is what I needed in order to become an expert in my field of study. Bibliography Crutchfield, L. , Baltimore, H. , Felfell, M. Worth, S. (2000, March). Empathic Responding Skills across Counselor Education Training Tracks: A Comparison Study, Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education Development. Retrieved July 10, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database. Feller, R. , Rocco Cotton, E. (2003). The Importance of Empathy in Therapeutic Alliance. EBSCO Publishing.

Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë | Analysis

Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « | Analysis Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s novel of passion and cruelty, published in 1847, was the only novel she ever wrote and one of which many, including her sister Charlotte, disapproved, regarding it as fundamentally immoral, especially in the creation of the central character, the brutal Heathcliff. However, viewed at a distance of some 150 years, the novel can be seen for what it truly is, a work of flawed genius which continues to attract strongly despite its age. Emily set what was to be her sole novel in and around her beloved moors creating, in Cathy, a character as wilful as herself. However the reader acquainted but not familiar with the narrative, is often surprised by how little actual description of the natural environment is extant within its pages though ‘metaphors drawn from nature provide much of the books descriptive language’. Simply expressed, it is the author’s own vicarious resonance with the land, expressed via her frequent use of what Ruskin termed ‘pathetic fallacy’ that gives the intensity of the connective between the central protagonists and the land in which they are imbedded, even beyond life itself. The plot concerns the family of the Earnshaws, owners of the eponymous ‘Wuthering Heights’, where the surly urchin, Heathcliff, is brought by the father of the household who has found him abandoned in Liverpool, and who describes him ‘as dark almost as if it came from the devil’ for ‘when Mr. Earnshaw first brings the child home, the child is an â€Å"it† not a â€Å"he†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢.   From the first, he is Cathy, the daughter’s favourite, as he is her father’s, and the thorn in the flesh of the heir, Hindley. Both boys, indeed, loathe each other with a passion partly born of ‘sibling rivalry’, even though they are not blood relatives (at least such is not openly stated even if critics have inferred more than an act of philanthropy in Mr. Earnshaw’s rescuing the boy and his wife’s attendant animosity). When Earnshaw dies, Hindley wastes no time in correcting the usurpation from which he believes he h as suffered by consigning Heathcliff to the level of a servant. Meanwhile, Cathy and Heathcliff have formed a bond which nothing will ever break, even Cathy’s marriage to the wealthy Edgar Linton. The tale is told by means of an extremely complex narrative structure, wherein part is related by the ‘outsider’, Lockwood, a tenant at the former home of the Linton’s, now owned by Heathcliff, and the intimate history of the family is told by the faithful servant, Nelly Dean. This technique, involving many time-shifts, allows the author to achieve the personal imperative of an ‘insider’, Nelly, with the abstract curiosity, perhaps similar to that of the reader, supplied by Lockwood, the ‘intruder’. Though effective, Emily’s inexperience as a writer is shown in the often ragged structure of the novel which frequently obscures rather than illuminates the series of challenges which the novel sets up. Given Emily’s background as the daughter of a parson, it is perhaps surprising that one of the greatest challenges that the novel establishes is the provocative rendering of religious sensibility. A scene which demonstrates this clearly is when Cathy reveals her ‘dream’ to Nelly, prior to declaring the nature of her feelings for Heathcliff, wherein she states her ideas about the after life: ‘[†¦] heaven did not seem to be my home, and I broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and the angels were so angry that they flung me out into the middle of the heath on the top of Wuthering Heights, where I woke sobbing for joy.’ The idea that the girl’s literal ‘spiritual home’ is not Heaven but the moors is, it appears, very close to how Emily felt herself when away from them on earth and her wilfulness in literally willing herself to death, as Cathy does, also invites the supposition that they were in fact very similar. Moreover, after Cathy declares ‘I am Heathcliff’, the reader realises that this is not a mere love story but two halves of one soul, the parting of which, as Cathy herself declares,   ‘impracticable’. Cathy does marry Linton, however, after Heathcliff has run away believing that she does not love him having heard her say merely that ‘it would degrade her to marry him’   and returns after an unexplained absence, having prospered sufficiently to accomplish the ruin of Hindley and the purchase of ‘Wuthering Heights’. Indeed, he comes to own all the property, via various schemes, and even marries Edgar’s sister, Isabella, from overwhelming spite. The one thing he can never control, however, is his love for Cathy and when she dies, he pines for her for the rest of his life, until they are united as ghosts. As Lockwood observes, ‘Together they would brave Satan and all his legions’. Oddly, the intruder Lockwood has come to see the appropriateness of this as the reader does and this forms one of the novels many ‘closures’ which are perceptible by its end, even to the obtuse. Though most adaptations of the novel centre upon the relationship between Cathy and Heathcliff, in fact over half of the novel is concerned with the repetition of familial tensions via their children: Catherine, the daughter of the elder Cathy and Edgar, the orphaned son of Hindley whom despite his abuse of him forms a strong attachment to Heathcliff and eventually the younger Catherine, and Linton, the sickly, peevish son of Heathcliff and Isabella, whom Heathcliff contrives to marry to Catherine simply to gain her property. Through this complex repetition, Emily works out the frustrations and hatreds across generations to achieve a kind of fulfilment and completion by the novel’s conclusion. The fact that Charlotte completely failed to understand Emily’s genius, or perhaps was merely envious of it, is perhaps indicative of the disparity between their gifts. The enduring romance of Wuthering Heights, which continues to appeal across the generations, is the antithesis o f control and therefore the ultimate realisation of Emily’s poetic and timeless soul. Bibliography: Bald, M.A., Women-Writers of the Nineteenth Century, (Russell Russell, New York, 1963). Bloom, H, ed., Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights, (Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1987). Brontà «, E.., Wuthering Heights, Agnes Grey and Poems, (Thomas Nelson Sons, London, 1907). Davis, P., The Victorians, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002). Hinkley, L., Charlotte and Emily, (Hastings House, New York, 1945). King, J., Tragedy in the Victorian Novel, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978). Lamonica, D, We Are Three Sisters: Self and Family in the Writing of the Brontà «s, (University of Missouri Press, Columbia, MO, 2003). Thormahlen, M, The Brontà «s and Religion, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999). Genetically Inherited Diseases: Gaucher’s Disease Genetically Inherited Diseases: Gaucher’s Disease Nikita Mountford 1. What is a genetically inherited disease? Genetic disorders are typically inherited (passed down) in either a dominant or recessive way. We each have two copies of every gene on our 22 numbered chromosomes. When a disorder is dominant, the disease can occur when there are DNA mistakes in only one of the two gene copies. This means that if a parent has the DNA change, there is a 50-50 chance that it will be passed on to each child. When a disorder is recessive, there must be mistakes in both copies of the gene for the disorder to occur. This means that both parents must carry at least one copy of the specific gene change in order to produce a diseased child. 2. Example of genetically inherited disease? Gaucher’s disease is an example of a genetically inherited disease. ‘Gaucher disease occurs in 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 people in the broad population’ (ii) and occurs more commonly in people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage than anyone else. ‘This disease affects 1 in 500 to 1,000 people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage’ (ii) the reason it affects people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage is because of ‘founder effect is where a gene mutation is observed in high frequency in a specific population due to the presence of that gene mutation in a single ancestor or small number of ancestors. When the group of ancestors mates primarily within their own ancestral group over many generations, the frequency of the gene mutation remains high’ (iii). Gaucher’s disease may appear any time from childhood to adulthood. 3.1 How is it inherited? Mutations in GBA gene cause the disease with each pregnancy; each carrier has a 50% chance of passing on the defective gene. If both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance their child will inherit two defective copies and will develop Type 1 Gaucher’s Disease. ‘A carrier is a person who has a change in one copy of a gene. The carrier does not have the genetic disease related to the abnormal gene. A carrier can pass this abnormal gene to a child.’(i) (http://www.childrensgaucher.org/about-ga) 3.2 Genotype and phenotype A genotype is the genetic make-up of an individual organism. Gaucher’s Disease is located on chromosome 1, that prevents the production of an enzyme, glucocerebrosidase. â€Å"Cytogenetic Location: 1q21 (the long (q) arm of chromosome 1, position 21) base pairs 153,470,866 to 153,481,111.† http://wiki.ggc.edu/wiki/Gaucher_Disease https://www.google.co.za/search?q=people 1 3.3. Who is at risk? ‘Gaucher disease occurs in 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 people in the broad population’ (ii) and occurs more commonly in people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage than anyone else. ‘This disease affects 1 in 500 to 1,000 people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage’ (ii) the reason it affects people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage is because of ‘founder effect is where a gene mutation is observed in high frequency in a specific population due to the presence of that gene mutation in a single ancestor or small number of ancestors. When the group of ancestors mates primarily within their own ancestral group over many generations, the frequency of the gene mutation remains high’ (iii). Gaucher’s disease may appear any time from childhood to adulthood. People who are at higher risk Gaucher’s disease are people from Ashkenazi Jewish Descent and there is more chance of it occurring in mothers conceiving over the age of 40. 4. A. Description of disease Gaucher’s disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, which means the disorder happens on a non-sex chromosome, affecting the metabolism, when a type of lipid called glucocerebroside is not properly broken down. The body does not produce the enzyme called glucocerebrosidase that breaks down and recycle glucocerebroside. This leads to the lipid to build up in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and nervous system. http://www.childrensgaucher.org/about-ga 1 4. B Types of the disease 4.1 Type 1 Type 1 is the most common and progressive, genetic disorder that generally has symptoms relating to their bones. There are also a lowered number of red blood cells and an enlarged liver and spleen. It is different to the other two types as it usually does not affect the brain or spinal cord. 4.2 Type 2 and 3 Both are known as neuropathic forms because they are characterized by problems that affect the nervous system. Type two is usually life threatening 5. Treatment in past In the past there has been no way to treat the disease but rather treat the symptoms such as blood transfusions, surgery for bones and joints and removing the spleen. 6. A.1 Enzyme replacement therapy. This approach replaces the deficient enzyme with artificial enzymes. These replacement enzymes are administered in an outpatient procedure through a vein typically in high doses at two-week intervals. Treatment is very effective in people with type 1 Gauchers disease and. enzyme replacement therapy can help reduce the enlargement of the liver and spleen, help to resolve blood abnormalities and improve bone density. Often people experience an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction to enzyme treatment. ’ERT has a remarkable effect on hepatosplenomegaly, with an average overall decrease of 25% in liver and spleen volume after 6 months of therapy. In most patients with anemia, haemoglobin levels rise by 1.5 g/dL during the first 4-6 months of therapy. An additional increase of 1 g/dL is observed in the subsequent 9-18 months in patients with persistent anemia. The platelet count responds more slowly, doubling on average over 1 year’. (iv) 6. A.2 Bone marrow transplantation. This is a surgical procedure that has been used for severe cases of Gauchers disease. In this method, blood-forming cells that have been damaged by Gauchers are removed and replaced, which can reverse many of Gauchers signs and symptoms. It is a high-risk operation. 6. A3 Medication. There is oral medication called miglustat (Zavesca) Disadvantages are diarrhoea and weight loss as common side effects. 6. A.4 Substrate reduction therapy SRT lessen the amount of making and build-up of waste material, inside cells. This means that even though patients are deficient in an enzyme that breaks down waste, with SRT, the enzyme they do have is better able to stop waste from collecting inside cells. SRT is used for Type 1 Gaucher patients for whom Enzyme Replacement Therapy is not an option. 6.2 karyotyping and gene mapping Karyotyping is a test to examine chromosomes, which can help recognize genetic problems as the cause of a disease. This test can count the number of chromosomes and look for structural changes in chromosomes. This is done by isolating and staining chromosomes then examined. Gene maps are used to help scientists find genes, usually those involved in human diseases. Scientists study many families affected by a disease, and then tracing the inheritance of the disease and of specific genome landmarks through several generations. Landmarks that tend to be inherited along with the disease are likely to be located close to the disease gene and become markers for the gene in question. Once they have identified a few such markers, scientists know the approximate location of the disease gene. Next, they look for genes in that part of the genome and study the genes one by one to learn which one is involved in the disease. They might look for a gene that has a different sequence in people with the disease than it does in healthy people. Or they might look for a gene with a function that could be related to the disease. 7. Ethics of genome mapping The Human Genome Project holds is attempting to compile physical and genetic maps of the human genome. A genome is the entire DNA in an organism. It may help a lot of people understand where they came from and find out which gene is causing problems. This is done by isolating and staining chromosomes then examined. But it may lead to parents attempting to determine which character children will inherit. It may also possibly lead to a large number of abortions Parents will be informed as to whether their son or daughter will have any serious genetic disorder, and as a result, the parents may opt to abort the foetus. It may restrict the human gene pool and interface with natural selection and loss of diversity among the human population. Also health or life insurance policies may be deemed to an individual on the basis of his genetic information and charge higher rates because they are prone to cancer or another disease. Businesses could discriminate against certain people based on their genes which could damage a person’s physiological health. A person might find out about their genetic make-up and find out they are prone to a disease which in turn makes them give up on life. Although there are negatives, I do think genome mapping is going to benefit society 8. Genetic make-up in the future my personal view I feel that one day we will be able to overcome our genetic make-up completely. While this may benefit people with genetic diseases it may be used in a negative way such as someone trying to create a perfect race. There are rapid advancements of science and technology people with problem genes such as Gaucher’s disease and cystic fibrous can soon be able to have normal genes. There is plenty research being done for future cures such as the Infectious Disease Research Institute. By replacing enzymes and recombinant DNA, which will be explained further on, this is the first step in being able to conquer our genetic make-up. Genes code for proteins, and proteins are made up of enzymes. When a gene is mutated and doesn’t produce the gene product this can mean an enzyme is missing or not working correctly. One way to treat people with genetic diseases where the gene doesn’t produce the enzyme needed is enzyme replacement therapy. Enzyme replacements must be taken for the rest of a patient’s life. Occasionally people experience an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction to enzyme treatment which is a disadvantage. Another process which could help with changing our genetic make-up is recombinant DNA technology which revolves around the activity of DNA in the making of protein. By doing this scientists can change the nature of the DNA and of the gene make-up of an organism. Other methods being researched for genetic diseases cures such as gene therapy which is an experimental stage which uses genes to treat or prevent diseases. Researchers are testing many different approaches to gene therapy such as replacing a mutated gene with a healthy version of the gene and introducing a new gene into the body to help fight the disease. Gene therapy is only being tested on diseases that that have no other cures such as cystic fibrous and Gaucher’s disease. RNA interface (RNAi) is also in an experimental stage. What happens is that is now possible to selectively silence the activity of a single gene. The combination of stem cell technology and gene therapy is also in experimental phase. What happens is scientists take skin cells from a person with a disease such as a metabolic liver disease, fix the mutation by erasing the incorrect DNA letter and inserting the correct one. Then turn the skin cells into liver cells by stem cell therapy. All of this research happening makes me hopeful that soon we will be able to help those with diseases. 9 Evaluation The reason I chose Gaucher’s disease was because I was planning to do Charcot-Marie tooth disease and there were too many sub groups and on the web page there was a link to Gaucher’s disease. I chose it mainly because I was interested on how it affects the body and in school we have learned about the lymphatic system so I could understand. I could have been possibly influenced to think that the cure for the diseases will be out soon by the information I have found out about the research being done currently. I didn’t know actually how much is being done and this could have persuaded me to think me to more positively. In conclusion I do believe we will be able to conquer our genetic make-up soon. Technology and science are rapidly becoming more and more advanced. We can already make enzymes work better and researching how to silence a gene that was causing damage. There is hope for people with defective genes as there is treatments and medications to help relieve pain and soon to eliminate all defective genes. 10. References http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp3_1.shtml#chp3#4 http://gaucherwest.com/gaucher/gaucher-disease.html http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/science-scope/stem-cell-breakthrough-could-bring-cure-for-genetic-diseases/ http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/biology/microbiology/dna-and-gene-expression/recombinant-dna-and-biotechnology http://www.preservearticles.com/2012032027922/what-is-the-human-genome-project-and-what-are-its-advantage-and-disadvantages.html http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/revision:human_genome_project#Disadvantages http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/health/hgenome.html http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/gaucher-disease http://genome.cshlp.org/content/7/10/950.full http://www.genome.gov/25521505 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/944157-treatment http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1682271 http://www.cerezyme.com/patients/gaucher_disease.aspx http://www.genome.gov/25521505#al-5 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/basics/treatment/con-20031396 http://geneticmap.net/ethics.php http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v9n2/outstrips.html http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students/otto.html http://jmg.bmj.com/content/42/6/e37.full http://www.gauchercare.com/en/patient/treatment.aspx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003921.htm In references http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/genetics-carrier-identification http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/gaucher-disease http://genetics.emory.edu/clinical/?assetID=581 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/944157-treatment Coffee Bean Tea Leaf: Marketing Mix Coffee Bean Tea Leaf: Marketing Mix The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf, a very popular organization around the world. It is started in 1963 and created by Herbert B. Hyman and Mona. Herbert B. Hyman is the founder of gourmet coffee in California. Today, Coffee Bean is one of the world largest privately-owned, family-run coffee and tea companies. The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf has by far expanded their branches over 750 locations in 22 countries. The aims of Coffee Bean to their product can describe by two word, excellence and quality. From very beginning, The Coffee Bean effected their customer thinking with the idea to the Coffee Bean is a high standard of their product and image. This makes them the endurance and popularity today. More over The Coffee Bean is successful company because they have discovered the formula for a successful coffee and tea company. About Coffee Bean The mission of The Coffee Bean is To create a spirit within our company that inspires our Team Members to provide our customers with a Total Quality Experience: Quality of Product, Service and Environment. The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf Companys slogan: Simply the Best. They believe in these basic facts can lead them through their daily lives at The Coffee Bean are being friendly with each other, respect each others value, opinion and individual diversity, ownership, teamwork and honesty. (Coffee Bean, 2011) Product Coffee Bean Donut Our company has produced a new product, which can perfectly match our main product. We have promoted donut as our secondary product. Coffee is usually been ordered during tea time or when someone is free or having a rest. Therefore it needs something to fulfill the customers relaxing needs while enjoying their favorite coffee. Coffee Bean Donut will be an ideal product specially made for this. When the customer is drinking coffee, they also can fill up their stomach or killing their free time by having donut as their dessert. Size of the donut we provide normally is in size of a man fist. More important, it is mix with many healthy ingredients which makes tastier and healthier than other normal donut. The ingredients for the donut have flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, salt, egg, canola oil, lemon juice, plain yogurt and vanilla extract. In order to make the customers been able to choose the flavor they want depend on their moods and needs, we provide more than 20 flavors suc h as Chococinno, Iceberg, Kiwi Blitz, Snowy, White Forest, Merry Cherry and others for the customers to choose to fulfill their demands. Target Audience Nowadays our living standard has become higher than before. Compared than quality that people used to consider it as priority, now everyone has more concern on the appearance of the product. Among the age group, teenager group is the best target which can be easily attracted by the appearance of the product. Thus donut used to be a product which mostly preferred by the teenagers because it is one of the foods which accompany most of us since we were still young. Mostly teenager like to hang up with friend or might meet with someone at outside, Coffee Bean is one of the best choices for those who came earlier. Coffee Bean have their shop at most of the shopping complex and it have also provide free Wi-Fi and with a nice environment. While waiting for their friends, they can have order the coffee and the donuts to enjoy the free time. Coffee has been known as one of the favorite drinks for the adults. Majority of the adults has taken coffee as their favorite, not to mention that there are some heavy consumers as well, especially the businessmen. Many businessmen drink coffee as it can help them in releasing tension or finding inspiration as most of them are working under stressful environment in their daily life. Donut can make them more enjoyable while enjoying their hi-tea hour or finding inspiration, thus giving them energy back to work with refreshed mind too. Donut is the best attachment to the coffee in order to make the businessmen having their best enjoyment. Family group is also one of the target customers for Coffee Bean donut. It is because coffee is preferred by most of the adult while donut is a favorite by most of the children. It would be a nice place for the families to have a wonderful gathering time with their family. While the parents are having their coffee, their children will order donuts that they like, and having variety of flavors for them to choose so that they would not get bored with the limited selections. The attractive patterns of the donuts and wonderful atmosphere in the shop will definitely make a good image to both the parents and their children and it makes them having their next family gathering here again. Marketing Communication Mix Tools Advertising In order to outstanding the knowledge of the new donuts feature, advertising plays an important role as one of the marketing communication mix tools to acknowledge all the consumers about this latest secondary product. With the advertising tool the Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf would be able to inform and persuade the entire related market about the launching of new unique donuts. These donuts with different flavors can be advertised with different product images to attract different levels of targeting consumers. The Product Advertising would be a good option to advertise the new donuts as this option promotes benefits of specific goods and services. Within Product Advertising the best method to advertise the donuts is the Pioneering option which defines as stimulating the primary demand for a new product that offers consumers in-depth information about the benefits of the product class. The company could hire different advertising agencies or even a suitable well-known celebrity as the spokesperson of the new donuts products and command the related advertising department in order to advertise the donuts information including planning, creating, producing the advertising, performing research, and selecting media. For advertising, there are six major types of media which include the newspaper, magazines, radio, and television, outdoor media and the internet and World Wide Web. The Coffee Bean Donuts are normally attracted by those younger generations. With this, we can decide what type of media we should use for the advertising. Based on the target customer, the television and the internet and World Wide Web are the best and effective media type use to advertising this new product. Sales Promotion: In communication mix tool, sales promotion are defined as activities that motivates consumers or member of the distribution channel to purchase a good or service immediately, either by lowering the price or by adding the value. The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf can promote the new features of donuts in several ways of sales promotion. Sales promotion can be done by launching a promotion like Buy 1 Free 1 featuring purchasing an ice-blended drink and a free choice flavor of donut will be offered, or even a 40%-50% enjoy of discount if a particular amount of donuts have been purchased. These are effective ways in fulfilling the missions of sales promotion by increasing trial purchases, consumer inventories, repeat purchases, and most importantly raising the awareness of consumers about the donuts product. Furthermore, providing free gifts to loyal customers and consumers who supported the new secondary donut products are important. This method can motivates them a lot in helping the company to pull customers by sharing their product experiences and knowledge to the others. Giving coupons and rebates away is a must as this type of sales promotion can not only attract more consumers to visit the companys retail stores and franchises, it also able to acknowledge them that they get to enjoy many offers and promotions if they purchase the donuts. Effectiveness of Marketing Mix Tools By using such effective marketing mix tools as their methods in promoting and increasing their sales, Coffee Bean Tea Leaf is hard to beat out by other marketers and stand at the top rank of the coffee manufacturer industry. Advertising Pioneering advertising method is one of the most effective methods in promoting a new product. By using this advertising method, the new products brief information and customers benefits gained from the product will implant into their mind and distribute the information to different groups in a shorter time and wider area. Besides, hiring celebrity as the new product promoter can also attract those who idolize them and convince them to buy the product. Nowadays the mass media make an imaginable influence to the public. By using this as a method to promote new product, for example, hiring a celebrity, will attract more audience to the new products because of the posters or the images of the celebrity on the product. And taking advantage on the audience madness phenomenon on the celebrity, it will definitely raise the awareness thus increase the sales of the product. Although these advertising method is in heavy usage during the new production promotion period and it involves expensive and sustained advertising expenses, but with the well-known company image and the qualified quality of the coffee drinks, Coffee Bean Tea Leaf is able to spend on those heavy advertising expenses and make it out with a greater interest and profit. Sale Promotion Sales promotion is another marketing tool used by Coffee Bean Tea Leaf in the new product introduction period. For example, one of the basic tactics used in the sales promotion is either giving a lower price or add up the value. With the lower price as promoting method, it can easily trigger customers curiosity and attracting the customers come and have a try on the new product. In one hand, using low price method, compared with the normal prices for the usual products in Coffee Bean Tea Leaf, it is not only affordable for most of the customers and the quantity of the products they purchase will increase as well. While in other hand, by adding up the values of the product, those customers with rational thinking or having a budget in their mind will come and purchase the products. By using these promoting methods, the promotion product information and news will be spread by the customers from one to another, and this bring Coffee Bean Tea Leaf more customers to purchase their produ cts and make them aware of the company brand and the products. Free gifts for the loyal customers will make them having concern on the products and company. Coupons and rebates give away method can make sure that the customers will come to make a purchase thus it can share with their friends and families. By making chain sales from one to another, customers concern will be rise and more customers coming to purchase the product lead to greater sales. Conclusion The type of communication tools that The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf use for the new product is the advertising and sales promotion. As a result it is much more effective than by using the other two ways of communication tools which is personal selling and public relation. As the company which their product is food and drinks, the better way for it to promote the new product is using the advertising and sales promotion because it is faster and easy for them. More prefer to choose the way to let customer go to the place to purchase the product than take out the product to outside and promote it to public. By advertising and sale promotion, the new product will fast spread to everyone and attract them to buy it.

Wanted and Unwanted Sounds and Their Affects on the Psychological and P

Wanted and Unwanted Sounds and Their Affects on the Psychological and Physiological Performance Research Question: How does â€Å"unwanted† sound affect the physiological and psychological performance differently than â€Å"wanted† sound? Thesis statement: â€Å"Wanted† and â€Å"unwanted† sounds have the same physiological effects on the human body but effect its psychological performance differently. Introduction: Sound is a particular auditory impression perceived by the sense of hearing. The presence of unwanted sound is called noise pollution. This unwanted sound can seriously damage and effect physiological and psychological health. For instance, noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, and other harmful effects depending on the level of sound, or how loud it is. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to heart problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks. Everything from the sound of an alarm clock in the morning to the sound of an airplane passing by to the sound of your friend screaming at you can cause noise pollution, and leave you effected for a short period, or for the rest of your life. But not all sound is â€Å"unwanted†. Many people listen to music, and go out to clubs and parties without suffering from any of the negative symptoms of â€Å"unwanted† sound. Many people enjoy playing instruments like the piano or the trumpet. â€Å"Wanted† sound, unlike â€Å"unwanted† sound can relief stress, and relaxation and the calming of a person. However on the physiological aspects, â€Å"wanted† sound can be just as harmful as â€Å"unwanted sound†. There are many misconceptions about sound and hearing, and the greatest misconception is about loud sound not being harmful as long as it is wanted. Literature Review: The human body perceives sound through the sensory organ called the ear. Humans have two ears, where sound waves enter and transform into signals that can be perceived as â€Å"hearing†. Hearing is a complicated process. Everything that moves makes a sound. Sound consists of vibrations that travel in waves which enter the ear and are changed into nerve signals that are sent to the brain. The brain interprets the signals as sounds. Sound is measured in decibels (dB), where zero is the lower limit of audibility, and 130... ...cago. 6. Wagman, Richard J. The New Complete Medical and Health Encyclopedia. Volume Two. J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company: Chicago. 7. Wagman, Richard J. The New Complete Medical and Health Encyclopedia. Volume Three. J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company: Chicago. 8. World Book 1998 Multimedia Encyclopedia. â€Å"Ear† 9. World Book 1998 Multimedia Encyclopedia. â€Å"Hearing† 10. World Book 1998 Multimedia Encyclopedia. â€Å"Deafness(Types of hearing loss) 11. Readers Digest. ABC’s of the Human Body: â€Å"The Ear, Nose, and Throat†, pages 208-209 12. Murray, John.Introduction to Human And Social Biology. Little, Brown and Company. 13. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. Ninth Edition:1980, pages 108-109 14. The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book, Inc. Chicago:1989. Volume 14, pages 455-456. 15. The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book, Inc. Chicago:1989. Volume 18, pages 599-606. 16. Fay, Thomas H. Noise & Health. The New York Academy of Medicine: 1991. 17. Casa de Maria Research Center. â€Å"Sound Therapy† 18. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 19. Carassava, Anthee.Mad About the Noise. Time Magazine: July 27, 1998. 20. Dr. Damluji (Interview). Wanted and Unwanted Sounds and Their Affects on the Psychological and P Wanted and Unwanted Sounds and Their Affects on the Psychological and Physiological Performance Research Question: How does â€Å"unwanted† sound affect the physiological and psychological performance differently than â€Å"wanted† sound? Thesis statement: â€Å"Wanted† and â€Å"unwanted† sounds have the same physiological effects on the human body but effect its psychological performance differently. Introduction: Sound is a particular auditory impression perceived by the sense of hearing. The presence of unwanted sound is called noise pollution. This unwanted sound can seriously damage and effect physiological and psychological health. For instance, noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, and other harmful effects depending on the level of sound, or how loud it is. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to heart problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks. Everything from the sound of an alarm clock in the morning to the sound of an airplane passing by to the sound of your friend screaming at you can cause noise pollution, and leave you effected for a short period, or for the rest of your life. But not all sound is â€Å"unwanted†. Many people listen to music, and go out to clubs and parties without suffering from any of the negative symptoms of â€Å"unwanted† sound. Many people enjoy playing instruments like the piano or the trumpet. â€Å"Wanted† sound, unlike â€Å"unwanted† sound can relief stress, and relaxation and the calming of a person. However on the physiological aspects, â€Å"wanted† sound can be just as harmful as â€Å"unwanted sound†. There are many misconceptions about sound and hearing, and the greatest misconception is about loud sound not being harmful as long as it is wanted. Literature Review: The human body perceives sound through the sensory organ called the ear. Humans have two ears, where sound waves enter and transform into signals that can be perceived as â€Å"hearing†. Hearing is a complicated process. Everything that moves makes a sound. Sound consists of vibrations that travel in waves which enter the ear and are changed into nerve signals that are sent to the brain. The brain interprets the signals as sounds. Sound is measured in decibels (dB), where zero is the lower limit of audibility, and 130... ...cago. 6. Wagman, Richard J. The New Complete Medical and Health Encyclopedia. Volume Two. J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company: Chicago. 7. Wagman, Richard J. The New Complete Medical and Health Encyclopedia. Volume Three. J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company: Chicago. 8. World Book 1998 Multimedia Encyclopedia. â€Å"Ear† 9. World Book 1998 Multimedia Encyclopedia. â€Å"Hearing† 10. World Book 1998 Multimedia Encyclopedia. â€Å"Deafness(Types of hearing loss) 11. Readers Digest. ABC’s of the Human Body: â€Å"The Ear, Nose, and Throat†, pages 208-209 12. Murray, John.Introduction to Human And Social Biology. Little, Brown and Company. 13. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. Ninth Edition:1980, pages 108-109 14. The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book, Inc. Chicago:1989. Volume 14, pages 455-456. 15. The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book, Inc. Chicago:1989. Volume 18, pages 599-606. 16. Fay, Thomas H. Noise & Health. The New York Academy of Medicine: 1991. 17. Casa de Maria Research Center. â€Å"Sound Therapy† 18. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 19. Carassava, Anthee.Mad About the Noise. Time Magazine: July 27, 1998. 20. Dr. Damluji (Interview).